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For example, Charles Darwin aboard the HMS Beagle collected fossils in South America that were sent to London and studied by British palaeontologists 12. Fossil specimens were no exception, and their collection was dominated by imperial systems and exchanges 11. Recently, plankton samples collected from the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the HMS Challenger expedition in the nineteenth century -that made use of the extensive colonial network and relationships developed by Great Britain during that time for the purpose of scientific exploration 9-were used for a study led by British authors 10. Many specimens collected during the colonial era are still being used for scientific purposes today by researchers based in these countries. When zoological and botanical specimens were uncovered during colonial expeditions, they were shipped back to the respective imperial capitals, to be housed in museums, which were rapidly increasing in numbers to accommodate the influx of scientific material 8. The natural sciences were developed around an extractive process facilitated by European colonialism in the nineteenth century. However, considerably less attention has been paid to how historical, social and economic factors influence the global distribution of fossil occurrences, and their consequent effects on our understanding of deep-time biodiversity. Various taphonomic, geological and anthropogenic factors have been shown to introduce biases into estimates of deep-time biodiversity, extinction and evolution, and decades of research have documented and attempted to analytically mitigate their effects 4, 5, 6, 7. The fossil record, upon which these reconstructions are based, is known to be incomplete and unevenly distributed across the globe 1, 2, 3.
BIODIVERSITY PRO MANUAL PDF DOWNLOAD
In order to use the manual, you will also need to download the relevant exercise data (listed below).The fossil record is our only direct evidence of how life on Earth has evolved over time, and reconstructions of deep-time biodiversity provide critical insights into future biodiversity change. The manual is based on specific exercises, based on real project data. Spatial analyses of interspecific and intraspecific diversity are explained using different types of data:Īlthough this training focuses on plant diversity, many of the types of analyses described can also be applied for other organisms such as animals and fungi. crops, trees and crop wild relatives) and/or those which are endangered. The training manual focuses on plants of interest for improving livelihoods (e.g. These analyses offer a better understanding of spatial patterns of plant diversity and distribution, helping to improve conservation efforts. This training manual is intended for scientists and students who work with biodiversity data and are interested in developing skills to effectively carry out spatial analysis based on (free) GIS applications with a focus on diversity and ecological analyses. Bioversity International and the European Union.The Bioversity International Herbarium Project.Open Access at Bioversity International.
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International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre.Banana genetic resources and management systems.Globally important agricultural heritage systems (GIAHS).Integrating wild and agricultural biodiversity.Honorary research fellows & visiting researchers.Training manual on spatial analysis of plant diversity and distribution